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Jakob Greber
Johann Jakob Greber (? – buried 5 July 1731) was a German Baroque composer and musician. His first name sometimes appeared in its Italianized version, Giacomo, especially during the years he spent in London (1702 – 1705). Greber composed solo cantatas, sonatas, and stage works, including the opera which opened London's Queen's Theatre in 1705. He died in Mannheim, where for many years he was ''Kapellmeister'' of the court orchestra of Charles III Philip, Elector Palatine.
==Life==
Greber's date and place of birth are unknown, although the ''Neue Deutsche Biographie'' proposes an approximate date of 1673.〔Steffen, Gerhard (1966) "Greber, Johann Jacob", ''Neue Deutsche Biographie'', Vol. 7, p. 16. (Online version ) accessed 19 June 2013 〕 He is presumed to have studied in Italy and arrived in London from there in 1702, accompanied by his mistress, the opera singer Margherita de L'Epine. He was to remain in London for the next three years composing incidental music for plays and arias for L'Epine. In 1703, Greber composed the incidental music for the premiere of Nicholas Rowe's play ''The Fair Penitent'', including four arias sung by L'Epine during the interlude. It was during this time that Rowe dubbed L'Epine "Greber's Peg", a name by which she was known for several years. Although L'Epine left Greber in 1703 to live with Daniel Finch, 2nd Earl of Nottingham, she returned to him in 1704, and they took up residence on Suffolk Street in London. He continued composing arias for her and accompanying her in concerts and theatrical interludes at Lincoln's Inn Fields and other venues.〔Kuhlman, Erika A. (2002). (''The A to Z of Women in World History'' ), p. 158. Infobase Publishing〕〔Sadie, Julie Anne (ed.) (1998). (''Companion to Baroque Music'' ), p. 247 University of California Press〕 The London newspaper ''The Post Man'' noted their appearance together at the spa town of Tunbridge Wells in August 1703:
They write from Tunbridge Wells that there is arrived there that famous Italian Lady, Signiora Francesca Margaretta de L'Epine that gives every week entertainments of musick, all compos'd by that great Master Signior Jacomo Greber, perform'd to the content and great satisfaction of all the nobility and gentry.〔Quoted with original spelling preserved in Hogwood, Christopher and Luckett, Richard (eds.) (1983). (''Music in Eighteenth-Century England: Essays in Memory of Charles Cudworth'' ), p. 7. Cambridge University Press〕
On 9 April 1705, the Queen's Theatre in London was officially opened with Greber's opera ''Gli amori di Ergasto'' (''The Loves of Ergasto''). It was the first opera sung entirely in Italian by Italian singers to be performed in London.〔Lang, Paul Henry (1966). (''George Frideric Handel'' ), p. 117. Courier Dover Publications〕 The printed libretto also contained an English translation by Peter Anthony Motteux, and on the opening night the performance included a prologue by Samuel Garth and an epilogue by William Congreve, both read by Anne Bracegirdle. The opera itself, a ''pastorale'' largely consisting of arias and duets between shepherds and nymphs, proved a dismal failure and was only performed a few times.〔Lowerre, Kathryn (2009). (''Music and Musicians on the London Stage: 1695 - 1705'' ), pp. 366-367. Ashgate Publishing〕 Shortly after the premiere of ''Gli amori di Ergasto'', Greber left London (without Margherita de L'Epine).〔
A baptismal certificate in Düsseldorf, dated 23 June 1705 describes Greber as a ''Kapellmeister'' (music director) in the service of Charles Philip,〔 who at the time was the governor of Tyrol with a court in Innsbruck. In 1708 Greber married Katharina Elisabeth ''née'' von Douven who was probably a relative of Johann Franz von Douven, one of Charles Philip's treasury officials. The couple had at least four children.〔〔Senn, Walter and Streiter, Lambert (1954). ''Musik und Theater am Hof zu Innsbruck'' (Music and Theatre at the Innsbruck Court), p. 316. Österreich Verlag-Anst 〕 Greber remained in the service of Charles Philip for the rest of his career, working closely on operas and other court entertainments with Augustin Stricker, Johann Hugo von Wilderer, and Gottfried Finger (whom he had known from his London days).〔 When Charles Philip succeeded his brother, Johann Wilhelm, as Elector Palatine in 1716, he combined his brother's court in Düsseldorf with his own court in Innsbruck. The new court was moved first to Neuburg, then to Heidelberg, and finally to Mannheim. The Düsseldorf court orchestra was dissolved in the process, but in 1718, many of its musicians were reinstated in the Innsbruck court orchestra headed by Greber. In 1723, after Charles Philip moved his court to Mannheim, Johann von Wilderer was appointed to serve jointly with Greber as ''Kapellmeister''. Wilderer died in 1724. Greber lived on for another seven years, dying in Mannheim in July 1731. The orchestra he led there later became famous as the orchestra of the Mannheim school.
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